STAR LIFE NET: Juli 2011

Overview of Photography

Overview of Photography
Gunawan Wibisono

The word photography comes from the words photo meaning light and the graph which means the image. So photography can mean drawing / painting with light.

Types of cameras
Film cameras, now also known as analog cameras by some.
Film format
Before we stepped into the types of film cameras, it helps us to know in advance the various kinds of video / film size.
1. APS, Advanced Photography System. Small format with a size of 16x24mm film, packaged in a cartridge. Although this format is relatively new, but not popular. Stores that sell this type of movie hard to find in Indonesia.
2. Format 135. Also known as 35mm film. 24x36mm in size, packed in a cartridge containing 20 or 36 frames. This format is the most popular formats, many of us see around us.
3. Medium format
4. Large format
Film Type
1. Film B / W, black and white negative film.
2. Color negative film. The most popular, we often use.
3. Positive film, also called a slide. More expensive and prone to overexposure. Yet the colors produced better because it can capture a wider range of contrast.

Types of cameras
1. Pocket / compact. Pocket camera. Popular for a layman, simple and easy to operate. Using 35mm film format.
2. Rangefinder. Search camera distance. Small, at first glance like a pocket camera. The difference is, this camera has a mechanism fokusing (hence called Rangefinder). Generally use the 35mm film format.
3. SLR, Single Lens Reflex. Single lens reflex camera. Popular among professionals, amateurs and hobbyists. Generally have replaceable lenses. Using 35mm film format. Also known as a camera system.
4. TLR, Twin Lens Reflex. Double lens reflex cameras. Usually use medium format.
5. Viewfinder. Usually use medium format.

The camera manual and automatic cameras. Latest SLR cameras are generally equipped with autofocus and autoexposure system but still can be operated manually.

Digital camera. Using a digital sensor instead of film.
1. Consumer. Pocket camera, cheap, easy to use. The lens can not be replaced. Most only have a full-automatic mode. Just point and shoot. Some, like the Canon A series, has a manual mode.
2. Prosumer. SLR-like cameras, medium price. The lens can not be replaced. Shooting Mode manually and auto.
3. DSLR. Digital SLR.

Lens, the eye of the camera, generally determines the quality of the resulting image the lens has two important properties namely the focal length and maximum aperture.
Field of View (FOV) of each lens has a wide FOV depends on the length and area fokalnya film / sensor used.
Field of View Crop, often mistakenly called the focal length multiplier. Almost all digital cameras have a sensor size smaller than 35mm film, then the digital camera field of view smaller than a 35mm camera. For example a 50 mm lens on a Nikon D70 has the same FOV with a 75mm lens on a 35mm film camera (1.5x FOV crop factor)
Types of Lenses
a. based on the prime-vario
1. Fixed focal / Prime, has a fixed focal length, eg 35mm f/3.5 Fujinon has a focal length of 35 mm. Prime lenses are less flexible, but the quality is higher than the zoom lens at the same price.
2. Zoom / Vario, has a focal length that can be changed, eg the Canon EF-S 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 has a focal length that can be changed from 18 mm to 55 mm. Flexible because fokalnya an adjustable length.
b. based on focal length
1. Wide, wide FOV lens, focal length 35 mm or less. Usually used to photograph the scenery and buildings.
2. Normal, focal length about 50 mm. Lens is versatile, fast and cheap.
3. Telephoto lens with a narrow FOV, focal length of 70mm or more. To take pictures from a distance.
c. based on its maximum aperture.
1. Fast, has a wide maximum aperture.
2. Slow, has a narrow maximum aperture.
d. Special lenses
1. Macro lens, used to shoot from close range
2. Tilt and Shift lens, can be bent.
Terms wide lens / telephoto (focal length based) above applies to a 35mm film camera. Nikkor 50 mm lens becomes a normal lens on a 35mm film camera, but a telephoto lens when used on Nikon D70 digital camera. In Nikon D70 Nikkor 50 mm FOV FOV equivalent to 75 mm lens on a 35mm film camera.

Other auxiliary equipment
Tripod, it is necessary to shoot at a slow pace. At slow speeds, avoiding camera shake when hand-held (handheld). In general, the minimum speed is 1/focal handhel.
Carrying a tripod when hunting can be a hassle. For the purposes of hunting is usually carried tripod is a tripod that is lightweight and small.
Monopod, like a tripod, one leg. More portability. Only can eliminate vertical shake only.
Flash / flash / flash, for menerangai objects in dark conditions.
Filter, to filter the incoming light. There are many kinds.
 UV, UV light filter to prevent Hazy on foto2 landscape, often used to protect the lens from dust.
 PL / CPL (Polarizer / Circular Polarizar) to reduce shadows on the non-metallic surfaces. It could also increase the contrast for the sky.
Exposure, the amount of light entering the camera, depending on the aperture and speed.
 Aperture / diaphragm. The larger the aperture the more light to enter. Aperture is expressed by numerical values are as follows: f / 1.4 f / 2 f / 3.5 f/5.6 f / 8. the greater number (f number), the smaller the aperture aperturenya.
 Shutter speed / aperture. The sooner, the less light to enter.
 ISO, stated sensitivity of the sensor / film. ISOnya The higher the number the less light is needed. ISO 100 film requires 2 times the amount of light ISO 200 film.
Example: f/5.6 aperture combinations excl. 1 / 500 at ISO 100 equivalent aperture f / 8 kec 1 / 500 or f/5.6 excl. 1 / 1000 at ISO 200.
Exposure meter, light meter. Almost every modern cameras have an internal light meter. Also available external light meter.
Exposure metering (often abbreviated to the metering only), method of measurement of light
1. Average metering, measuring the average light the entire frame.
2. Center-weighted average metering, measuring the average light in the center of gravity.
3. Matrix / Evaluative metering, Measuring light in various parts of the frame, and then calculated by the methods of certain automatic.
4. Spot metering, measuring the light only on a small section in the center of the frame only.
Exposure compensation, 18% gray. Exposure meter is always measuring the light and get the highest measurement so that the light image produced ranges at 18% gray. So if we're aiming for a piece of white cloth and use the exposure settings as shown by the meter, then the white cloth will become gray in the photograph. To overcome this we have to make exposure compensation. So we added exposure to white cloth.
Under exposured, images are too dark because of lack of exposure.
Over exposured, images are too bright due to excess exposure
The term stop. Rose 1 stop, it means increased exposure to 2 times. Up 2 stops, meaning that exposure was raised to 4 times. Down 1 stop exposure was reduced to 1 / 2 times. Down 2 stop exposure was reduced to 1 / 4 times.
Increase of 1 stop on the aperture as follows: f/22; f/16; f/11; f / 8; f / 5.6; f / 4; f / 2.8, f / 2. Different f-stop number of each was 0.7 times (1 /  2).
Increase of 1 stop in excl. Rana as follows: 1 / 2000; 1 / 1000; 1 / 500; 1 / 250; 1 / 125; 1 / 60; 1 / 30; 1 / 15; 1 / 8; 1 / 4; 1 / 2; 1. Different speed of each stop is 2 times.

DOF, depth of field, depth of field. DOF is the sharp area around the focus.
Depth of field is influenced by the large aperture, focal length, and distance to the object.
1. Aperture, the larger the aperture (smaller f number) then the DOF will be more shallow / narrow.
2. Focal length (real), the focal length, DOF more shallow / narrow.
3. The distance to the object, the closer the distance to the object then the DOF more shallow / narrow.
Election DOF
 If the narrow DOF, FG and BG will blur. Narrow DOF used if we want to isolate / highlight the object from the surrounding environment such as in the photographs are portraits or photographs of flowers.
 If the DOF wide, FG and BG look sharper. DOF wide use if we want almost all parts of the image appears sharp, as in a landscape photo or photo journalism.

Shooting modes
Auto mode, point and shoot mode, just aim and snap.
1. Full auto, the camera determines all the parameters.
2. Portrait, the camera uses the largest aperture to narrow DOF.
3. Landscape, the camera uses the smallest aperture.
4. Nightscene, using a slow speed and flash to capture the object and the BG as well.
5. Fast Shuter speed
6. Slow shutter speed
Creative zone
1. P, program AE. Similar to auto mode, with more control. With this mode we can control the exposure compensation, ISO, metering mode, Auto / manual focus, white balance, flash on / off, and Shooting Continues.
2. Tv, shutter speed priority AE. We determine the speed, the camera will calculate the proper aperture.
3. Av, aperture priority AE. We determine the aperture, the camera adjusts the speed.
4. M, manual exposure. We determine the aperture and speed manually.

Composition and Angle.
Composition is the placement of objects in the photo frame
Angle is the angle of shooting, from the bottom, top, or parallel.
The composition and angle is more related to the art of photography. Taste factor and the most influential photographers.

MAINTAIN COMPUTER TIPS VERSION 2

1. Defrag your hard drive regularly. Defrag function is to organize and sort your files by type of hard drive files / data in such a way that will facilitate the read / write so that the workload will be lighter could ultimately extend the life of the hard disk. I click the Start menu> Programs> Accessories> System Tools> Disk DefragmenterSaat perform this function should not be any other programs running including screen because it would disrupt the function of this defrag.
2. Activate screensaver aesthetic addition, the screensaver has another piece of important functions. CRT monitors also use phosphors to display television images. If the monitor displays the same image for a while then there is the phosphorus that burns continuously. This can lead to problematic monitor the picture becomes dim / less clear. Like others, if your monitor is LCD, LED fully equipped with energy saving, the screen saver is not necessary to activate the screensaver lagi.Cara can be done in many ways, one click Start> Control Panel> Display> click the screensaver tab, then select according to taste you. 3. Adequate ventilation the monitor and CPU in such a way that the ventilation air to and from the monitor / CPU quite well. Who lack good ventilation will cause excessive heat so that the components / electronic circuit in it will be a fast heat so it can shorten component life TSB. Therefore, try to distance between the monitor / CPU with wall / wall of at least 30 cm. If you need to plug the fan in the room. 4. Use UPS or UPS stavolt to anticipate the power failure is a sudden can cause damage to the hard drive. If he had no UPS, use Stavolt to anticipate the ups and downs of an electric voltage. 5. Close / close programs useless Each program you run or load requires memory (RAM) so that more programs that run who consumed more memory. This is in addition can cause a computer to run slow (slow) also becomes heavier workload would actually be able to shorten component life / computer. 6. Install an antivirus program and update regularly To be able to recognize the new virus/trojan2 should regularly update your antivirus program. Virus already spreading in the computer who can make you re-install the computer. This is in addition to costs will also cause your hard drive will be more easily damaged than if it is not often re-installed. 7. Clean the Recycle Bin on rutinSebenarnya files / folders that we deleted from the hard drive does not disappear because it will be first in the Recycle Bin with the intention for a moment if you still need to return again. Recycle Bin are also many who will take up hard drive space can cause the reading of the hard drive so lelet.Caranya run the Windows Explorer> click on the Recycle Bin> click File> click Empty Recyle BinAtau You can run Disk Cleanup function Way Click Start> Programs> Accessories> System Tools > Disk Cleanup> and then select the drive you want to clean> after that Tick the Recycle Bin option if you need to also check the other (such as temporary files, temporary internet files), after clicking OK. 8. Do not put Speacker Active monitorKarena too close to the magnetic field that existed at speacker will affect the color monitor monitor becomes uneven or mottled. 9. Uninstall or remove programs that do not bergunaRuang hard drive is too much will slow down the read / write drive so that the workload will be heavier so that the disk will be damaged quickly. 10. Clean the motherboard and other peripherals of the dust berkalaSetidaknya six months this should be done. Open the casing first and then clean the motherboard and other peripherals (RAM, Video Card, Modem, Sound Card, CDR / CDRW / DVRW, TV tuner) with a soft brush. At the time of the computer used does not close the computer (monitor, CPU, keyboard / mouse) with a cover so that dust does not easily fit into the computer. 11. Connect the ground cable. If the casing nyetrum, grab the cable with a length as needed, the tip of an entity associated with the CPU (the casing) while the other end planted in the soil. This will neutralize the electrical currents "stray" that can make it more durable electronic components. (Adapted from various sources)

Save the data Flashdisk or RemovableDisk From Viruses Shortcut

Save the data flashdisk/Removable Disk From Viruses Shortcut
In today's beberapah lot of friends work together to complain because of folders in a flash turned into shortcuts commonly caused by a malicious program called a virus. Starting from a from a notebook that had been infected with the virus spread to some other notebooks. This virus may not have the slightest influence on the work system Notebook or PC, but the effect is seen when we enter a new flash that is changing the File Folder in a flash turned into a shortcut. So that we can not open the data in a flash. And in it there is important data. It can not imagine it was if the data is lost.
Here I will discuss how carananya save data in a folder that was turned into a shortcut so that we do not lose a lot of important data that we desperately need the job.
First we input our flash in the Notebook or PC is not infected and had installed Avira Avira Free Antivirus Latest up or Premium Also DeepFreeze if need. Do not forget to turn off autoplay system. Flash scan with Avira Antivirus, but must remember not to open the flash before the scan selasai or do not open at all.
After that we need is a recovery program that so many available on the internet. Here I use PenDriveDataDoctorRecovery a program that is used to Rocovery data in flash. Or can also use your GetDataBack forFAT (Download)
Recovery function for data in the drive formatted FAT (Default Format flash)
Flasdisk and HDD Recovery

MAINTAIN COMPUTER TIPS VERSION 1

Yeng There are a few tips to consider in connection with the use of computers to make it more secure and durable of them are: 1. Provide UPS, voltage is often up and down or even die suddenly will affect less well on the PC, especially PC that had long, will cause damage to the Power Supply, Notebook destruction, even Morherboard. Especially hard disk, hard drive needs stability while working, when a sudden power failure occurs which could cause a surprise scratch track tecordingnya then timbulah bad sector, bad sectors can only be seen if we check through scandisk. bad sector on the contents can not file for the operating system and store data, which will reduce the capacity of the hard disk itself. Therefore, in trying to provide the UPS or the external battery as a safety in case the computer dies lights stay alive for some time, so there is still a chance to shut down the computer according to the procedure.

2. Stavolt, for UPS which includes stavolt (fluctuating voltage stabilizer) is not problematic, but that does not include stavolt in it then it is best provided additional stavolt as a stabilizer, so that although the voltage up and down too, does not interfere with its own computer security. 3. Clean of dust, usually the CPU tower put on the table next to the user, the put on the floor so that the possibility of entry of dust into the CPU is very great, and dust as a conductor of heat, so what if the CPU component, such as processors, though hidden in the dust can also, Memory / RAM dust often, and computer work so it crashed, hang or even a computer will not start beep sound occur .... the check and immediately wipe kompenen, plug back in and turn. 4. Avoid contact with water, if it happens it will result in lempegan konseleting on the keyboard, though had been cleaned and dried can not be repaired, so it needs a new change. 5. Voltage, For in Indonesia voltage 220 volts, but for Japan's computer products are still 110 volts, so that when the computer turned on Japanese products, do not forget to provide an adapter to reduce the voltage from 220 to 110 volts. if not well .... on fire for sure! ... 6. Lightning shock, to lightning-prone areas, especially computer networks connected to the tower is not equipped with lightning rods, dangerous when hit by lightning will spread throughout the network. therefore provide better lightning. 7. Keep away from magnetic fields, magnetic fields can interfere with the CPU performance monitor. 8. For the sake of data security and computer systems, make sure existing Antivirus and always updated. 9. Make sure there are additional utilities program to remove remaining registry and junk from the Internet (cookies)

OPEN PASSWORD MMC

1. Enter the application "SeleQ" or "Handy File" or "File Manager" in the HP MMC was locked! (Remember to be in HP's first MMC is locked! No can MMC moved to other HP trs read his password!).
2. Find the file in the HP C: / System "mmcstore"
3. send via Infrared or Bluetooth to your computer!
4. Open the "note pad" or MS.Word
5. You will find a Password to your MMC! ! ! : o)

Lenovo G560 and G460 driver for win7

KEYBOARD COMMANDS IN PHOTOSHOP

shortcut is a shortcut or a quick way to give the stolen or run a command that the progarm fasilatas. By pressing a button on the keyboard, like the example below the keyboard shortcut in photoshop design porgram. so we faster in working on a project.
By default Photoshop provides a shortcut as below but if you want to change it could have, select the edit menu> keyboard shortcuts.

Keyboard shortcuts in Photoshop

Short Cut On Tool
Tools Shortcuts
Rectangular Marquee Tool Key M
Move Tool Key V
Lasso Tool L Key
Magic Wand Tool Key W
Crop Tool Key C
Slice Tool Key K
Healing Brush Tool J Key
Brush Tool Key B
Clone Stamp Tool Key Y
History Brush Tool Y Key
Key Eraser Tool E
Gradient Tool Key G
Blur Tool Key R
Dodge Tool Key O
Path Selection Tool Key A
Horizontal Type Tool Key T
Pen Tool Key P
Custom Shape Tool Key U
Key Key Notes Tool N
Eyedropper Tool Key I
Hand Tool Key H
Z Key Zoom Tool
Key Q Quick Mask Mode

Short Cut On the File Menu
Actions taken Buttons Pressed
Creating a New Document Ctrl + N
Opening a document Ctrl + O
Browse Shift + Ctrl + O
Open As Ctrl + Alt + O
Editing in Image Ready Ctrl + Shift + M
Closing the document Ctrl + W
Closing All Documents Alt + Ctrl + W
Ctrl + S Save a document
Saving All Documents Ctrl + Shift + S
Save For Web Ctrl + Alt + Shift + S
File Info Alt + Ctrl + I
Page Setup Ctrl + Shift + P
Print with Preview Alt + Ctrl + P
Print without Preview Ctrl + P
Print One Copy Ctrl + Alt + Shift + P
Exit from Photoshop Ctrl + Q
Short Cut On the Edit Menu
Actions taken Buttons Pressed
Undo Ctrl + Z
Step Forward Shift + Ctrl + Z
Step Backward Alt + Ctrl + Z
Fade Shift + Ctrl + F
Cut Ctrl + X
Copy Ctrl + C
Copy Merged Ctrl + Shift + C
Paste Ctrl + V
Fill Shift + F5
Free Transform Ctrl + T
Short Cut On the Menu Image
Actions taken Buttons Pressed
Changing Levels Ctrl + L
Auto Levels Ctrl + Shift + L
Auto Contrast Ctrl + Alt + Shift + L
Auto Color Shift + Ctrl + B
Changing Curve Ctrl + M
Control Balance Ctrl + B
Changing Hue Ctrl + U
Desaturate Shift + Ctrl + U
Invert Ctrl + I
Short Cut On the Menu Layer
Actions taken Buttons Pressed
Create a New Layer Ctrl + Shift + N
Copying Layer Ctrl + J
Create Clipping Mask Ctrl + G
Release Clipping Mask Ctrl + Shift + G
Merging Layer (Layer Merge) Ctrl + E
Merge Visible Shift + Ctrl + E
Changing Hue Ctrl + U
Desaturate Shift + Ctrl + U
Invert Ctrl + I
Short Cut On the Menu Select
Actions taken Buttons Pressed
All Selection (Select All) Ctrl + A
Deselect Ctrl + D
Reselect Ctrl + Shift + D
Inverse Shift + Ctrl + I
Feather Ctrl + Alt + D

Short Cut On the Filter Menu
Actions taken Buttons Pressed
Last Filter (filter last used) Ctrl + F
Liquify Ctrl + Shift + X
Pattern Making (patern Maker) Ctrl + Alt + Shift + X
Extract Ctrl + Alt + X
Short Cut On the View Menu
Actions taken Buttons Pressed
Color Proof Ctrl + Y
GamutWarning Shift + Ctrl + Y
Zoom In Ctrl + (+ +)
Zoom Out Ctrl + (-)
Fit On Screen Ctrl + 0
Actual Pixels Ctrl + Alt + 0
Extras Ctrl + H
Ruler (Ruler) Ctrl + R
Snap Shift + Ctrl +;
Lock Guides Ctrl + Alt +;
Short Cut On MenuWindows & Help
Actions taken Buttons Pressed
MenampilkanWindow Help (Help) F1
MenampilkanWindow Action Alt + F9
Brush MenampilkanWindow F5
Color MenampilkanWindow F6
MenampilkanWindow F8 Info
Layer MenampilkanWindow F7
Extras Ctrl + H
Ruler (Ruler) Ctrl + R
Snap Shift + Ctrl +;
Lock Guides Ctrl + Alt +;
VIDEO CAMERA TECHNIQUES AND MAKING IMAGES