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Overview of Photography

Overview of Photography
Gunawan Wibisono

The word photography comes from the words photo meaning light and the graph which means the image. So photography can mean drawing / painting with light.

Types of cameras
Film cameras, now also known as analog cameras by some.
Film format
Before we stepped into the types of film cameras, it helps us to know in advance the various kinds of video / film size.
1. APS, Advanced Photography System. Small format with a size of 16x24mm film, packaged in a cartridge. Although this format is relatively new, but not popular. Stores that sell this type of movie hard to find in Indonesia.
2. Format 135. Also known as 35mm film. 24x36mm in size, packed in a cartridge containing 20 or 36 frames. This format is the most popular formats, many of us see around us.
3. Medium format
4. Large format
Film Type
1. Film B / W, black and white negative film.
2. Color negative film. The most popular, we often use.
3. Positive film, also called a slide. More expensive and prone to overexposure. Yet the colors produced better because it can capture a wider range of contrast.

Types of cameras
1. Pocket / compact. Pocket camera. Popular for a layman, simple and easy to operate. Using 35mm film format.
2. Rangefinder. Search camera distance. Small, at first glance like a pocket camera. The difference is, this camera has a mechanism fokusing (hence called Rangefinder). Generally use the 35mm film format.
3. SLR, Single Lens Reflex. Single lens reflex camera. Popular among professionals, amateurs and hobbyists. Generally have replaceable lenses. Using 35mm film format. Also known as a camera system.
4. TLR, Twin Lens Reflex. Double lens reflex cameras. Usually use medium format.
5. Viewfinder. Usually use medium format.

The camera manual and automatic cameras. Latest SLR cameras are generally equipped with autofocus and autoexposure system but still can be operated manually.

Digital camera. Using a digital sensor instead of film.
1. Consumer. Pocket camera, cheap, easy to use. The lens can not be replaced. Most only have a full-automatic mode. Just point and shoot. Some, like the Canon A series, has a manual mode.
2. Prosumer. SLR-like cameras, medium price. The lens can not be replaced. Shooting Mode manually and auto.
3. DSLR. Digital SLR.


Lens, the eye of the camera, generally determines the quality of the resulting image the lens has two important properties namely the focal length and maximum aperture.
Field of View (FOV) of each lens has a wide FOV depends on the length and area fokalnya film / sensor used.
Field of View Crop, often mistakenly called the focal length multiplier. Almost all digital cameras have a sensor size smaller than 35mm film, then the digital camera field of view smaller than a 35mm camera. For example a 50 mm lens on a Nikon D70 has the same FOV with a 75mm lens on a 35mm film camera (1.5x FOV crop factor)
Types of Lenses
a. based on the prime-vario
1. Fixed focal / Prime, has a fixed focal length, eg 35mm f/3.5 Fujinon has a focal length of 35 mm. Prime lenses are less flexible, but the quality is higher than the zoom lens at the same price.
2. Zoom / Vario, has a focal length that can be changed, eg the Canon EF-S 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 has a focal length that can be changed from 18 mm to 55 mm. Flexible because fokalnya an adjustable length.
b. based on focal length
1. Wide, wide FOV lens, focal length 35 mm or less. Usually used to photograph the scenery and buildings.
2. Normal, focal length about 50 mm. Lens is versatile, fast and cheap.
3. Telephoto lens with a narrow FOV, focal length of 70mm or more. To take pictures from a distance.
c. based on its maximum aperture.
1. Fast, has a wide maximum aperture.
2. Slow, has a narrow maximum aperture.
d. Special lenses
1. Macro lens, used to shoot from close range
2. Tilt and Shift lens, can be bent.
Terms wide lens / telephoto (focal length based) above applies to a 35mm film camera. Nikkor 50 mm lens becomes a normal lens on a 35mm film camera, but a telephoto lens when used on Nikon D70 digital camera. In Nikon D70 Nikkor 50 mm FOV FOV equivalent to 75 mm lens on a 35mm film camera.

Other auxiliary equipment
Tripod, it is necessary to shoot at a slow pace. At slow speeds, avoiding camera shake when hand-held (handheld). In general, the minimum speed is 1/focal handhel.
Carrying a tripod when hunting can be a hassle. For the purposes of hunting is usually carried tripod is a tripod that is lightweight and small.
Monopod, like a tripod, one leg. More portability. Only can eliminate vertical shake only.
Flash / flash / flash, for menerangai objects in dark conditions.
Filter, to filter the incoming light. There are many kinds.
 UV, UV light filter to prevent Hazy on foto2 landscape, often used to protect the lens from dust.
 PL / CPL (Polarizer / Circular Polarizar) to reduce shadows on the non-metallic surfaces. It could also increase the contrast for the sky.
Exposure, the amount of light entering the camera, depending on the aperture and speed.
 Aperture / diaphragm. The larger the aperture the more light to enter. Aperture is expressed by numerical values ​​are as follows: f / 1.4 f / 2 f / 3.5 f/5.6 f / 8. the greater number (f number), the smaller the aperture aperturenya.
 Shutter speed / aperture. The sooner, the less light to enter.
 ISO, stated sensitivity of the sensor / film. ISOnya The higher the number the less light is needed. ISO 100 film requires 2 times the amount of light ISO 200 film.
Example: f/5.6 aperture combinations excl. 1 / 500 at ISO 100 equivalent aperture f / 8 kec 1 / 500 or f/5.6 excl. 1 / 1000 at ISO 200.
Exposure meter, light meter. Almost every modern cameras have an internal light meter. Also available external light meter.
Exposure metering (often abbreviated to the metering only), method of measurement of light
1. Average metering, measuring the average light the entire frame.
2. Center-weighted average metering, measuring the average light in the center of gravity.
3. Matrix / Evaluative metering, Measuring light in various parts of the frame, and then calculated by the methods of certain automatic.
4. Spot metering, measuring the light only on a small section in the center of the frame only.
Exposure compensation, 18% gray. Exposure meter is always measuring the light and get the highest measurement so that the light image produced ranges at 18% gray. So if we're aiming for a piece of white cloth and use the exposure settings as shown by the meter, then the white cloth will become gray in the photograph. To overcome this we have to make exposure compensation. So we added exposure to white cloth.
Under exposured, images are too dark because of lack of exposure.
Over exposured, images are too bright due to excess exposure
The term stop. Rose 1 stop, it means increased exposure to 2 times. Up 2 stops, meaning that exposure was raised to 4 times. Down 1 stop exposure was reduced to 1 / 2 times. Down 2 stop exposure was reduced to 1 / 4 times.
Increase of 1 stop on the aperture as follows: f/22; f/16; f/11; f / 8; f / 5.6; f / 4; f / 2.8, f / 2. Different f-stop number of each was 0.7 times (1 /  2).
Increase of 1 stop in excl. Rana as follows: 1 / 2000; 1 / 1000; 1 / 500; 1 / 250; 1 / 125; 1 / 60; 1 / 30; 1 / 15; 1 / 8; 1 / 4; 1 / 2; 1. Different speed of each stop is 2 times.

DOF, depth of field, depth of field. DOF is the sharp area around the focus.
Depth of field is influenced by the large aperture, focal length, and distance to the object.
1. Aperture, the larger the aperture (smaller f number) then the DOF will be more shallow / narrow.
2. Focal length (real), the focal length, DOF more shallow / narrow.
3. The distance to the object, the closer the distance to the object then the DOF more shallow / narrow.
Election DOF
 If the narrow DOF, FG and BG will blur. Narrow DOF used if we want to isolate / highlight the object from the surrounding environment such as in the photographs are portraits or photographs of flowers.
 If the DOF wide, FG and BG look sharper. DOF wide use if we want almost all parts of the image appears sharp, as in a landscape photo or photo journalism.

Shooting modes
Auto mode, point and shoot mode, just aim and snap.
1. Full auto, the camera determines all the parameters.
2. Portrait, the camera uses the largest aperture to narrow DOF.
3. Landscape, the camera uses the smallest aperture.
4. Nightscene, using a slow speed and flash to capture the object and the BG as well.
5. Fast Shuter speed
6. Slow shutter speed
Creative zone
1. P, program AE. Similar to auto mode, with more control. With this mode we can control the exposure compensation, ISO, metering mode, Auto / manual focus, white balance, flash on / off, and Shooting Continues.
2. Tv, shutter speed priority AE. We determine the speed, the camera will calculate the proper aperture.
3. Av, aperture priority AE. We determine the aperture, the camera adjusts the speed.
4. M, manual exposure. We determine the aperture and speed manually.

Composition and Angle.
Composition is the placement of objects in the photo frame
Angle is the angle of shooting, from the bottom, top, or parallel.
The composition and angle is more related to the art of photography. Taste factor and the most influential photographers.

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